Making science implies the formulation of refutable hypotheses, this is, the proposal of new ideas (based on former research) that lead to predictions that can be either confirmed or falsified (by future research).
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Timing of the last reversals of the Earth's magnetic field.
The vertical axis is Time, in million years before present.
Periods in black matched today's polarity.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. A more complete scale here. |
A case history in Earth science is the confirmation of the
plate tectonics theory during the 60's. This hypothesis was initially put forward most remarkably by
Alfred Wegener, based on observations of the fossil fauna matching across different continents (this in addition to the matching coastlines of continents already pointed out by
Abraham Ortelius, in the 16th century!). The theory of plate tectonics implied that the oceans between continents that
drift away from each other should gradually spread apart (
seafloor spreading).
In 1963, the geophysicist
Frederick J. Vine and the geologist
Lawrence W. Morley independently realized that if the seafloor spreading theory was correct, then the rocks surrounding mid-oceanic ridges should show symmetric patterns of magnetization reversals, recording the polarity of the Earth's
magnetic field in the volcanic rocks at the time they erupted and cooled down. This is
now known as the
Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis, and became a validation test of the
seafloor spreading, in particular, and plate tectonics in general.
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Seafloor spreading recording time-changes of geomagnetic
field polarity. Source: Wikimedia Commons. |
Morley's letters to
Nature (February 1963) and to the
Journal of Geophysical Research (April 1963) were both rejected, so Vine and his advisor Matthews were first to publish the hypothesis that same year. The patterns of ancient magnetic reversals in the Earth have been found thereafter in hundreds of paleomagnetic surveys, providing a robust validation of those hypotheses. A vast work of calibration of the ages of the magnetic reversals allowed for the detailed knowledge of the age of the oceanic floor that we have nowadays:
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Map of the age of the seafloor based on the magnetic field recorded in the
oceanic crust during its formation at mid-oceanic ridges
(Source: National Geophysical Data Center) |
But we know very little about the mechanisms responsible for these magnetic field changes. Cmputer simulations suggest that it is a natural result of feedback effects between the magnetic field and the flow in the Earth's core (see the reference to Glatzmaiers' below). It has been recently shown in this
article in GRL that these two processes, seafloor spreading and magnetic reversals, correlate in geological time ("
geological intervals characterized by an asymmetrical distribution of the continents with respect to the equator are followed by intervals of high reversal frequency"), suggesting a mechanical coupling between both phenomena. But the specific mechanism behind magnetic reversals and the additional information they may contain about the past of our planet remain, so far, a challenge (yet another
Reto Terrícola!).
References:
Vine, F., & Matthews, D. (1963). Magnetic Anomalies Over Oceanic Ridges Nature, 199 (4897), 947-949 DOI: 10.1038/199947a0
Pétrélis, F., Besse, J., & Valet, J. (2011). Plate tectonics may control geomagnetic reversal frequency Geophysical Research Letters, 38 (19) DOI: 10.1029/2011GL048784
Glatzmaiers, G., & Roberts, P. (1995). A three-dimensional self-consistent computer simulation of a
geomagnetic field reversal Nature, 377 (6546), 203-209 DOI: 10.1038/377203a0